Eastern equine encephalitis: The public health risk behind a rare but serious disease
A closer look at the deadly mosquito-borne illness hiding in plain sight
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus causes one of the most severe mosquito-borne illnesses affecting humans in North America. Though rare, its consequences are devastating: neuroinvasive infections caused by EEE virus carry a fatality rate of approximately 30%. Among those who survive, nearly half are left with lasting neurological damage that significantly alters quality of life. Cases of EEE have been reported in states bordering the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Coast, as well as in the Great Lakes region, where the virus is spread primarily near freshwater hardwood swamps.
Because of the high stakes, public health agencies must remain vigilant. A proactive approach to surveillance, public education and vector control is essential to prevent outbreaks and reduce the human toll of this disease.
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Why surveillance matters
Effective disease surveillance enables public health agencies to detect outbreaks early, issue alerts and deploy targeted interventions. With a disease as dangerous as EEE, timely identification is especially critical. Early detection not only improves patient outcomes by encouraging faster medical care, but it also provides decision-makers with the information needed to implement mosquito control strategies that limit transmission.
Unfortunately, national case counts of EEE are not always consistent over time due to changes in testing protocols, definitions, and reporting systems. Non-neuroinvasive cases are likely underreported, and data are often collected based on a person’s town of residence rather than the actual location of exposure. These limitations can obscure the full picture of where and how transmission is occurring.
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Community strategies for prevention
Public health responses must go beyond data. Community involvement is critical in reducing the risk of EEE. Educating residents about how to limit mosquito breeding sites, including eliminating standing water and properly maintaining property, can reduce local vector populations. The use of insecticides in high-risk areas and distribution of public health messaging about personal protective measures, like wearing long sleeves and applying EPA-approved repellents, are proven methods of reducing exposure.
States and municipalities can also consider implementing routine mosquito testing in areas with a history of EEE virus. Surveillance of mosquito populations and sentinel animals like horses and birds can offer early warning signs of virus activity before human cases occur.
Trends and challenges in the data
Data from 2003 through 2023 show substantial variability in annual EEE case numbers. A sharp spike occurred in 2019, highlighting the unpredictable nature of the virus and the need for year-round preparedness. In the United States, an average of 11 human cases are reported annually.
These fluctuations underscore the importance for surveillance systems to be robust and adaptable. Modern disease surveillance platforms can help overcome reporting inconsistencies and provide real-time visibility into regional trends.
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Technology's role in preparedness
Advanced surveillance platforms like Conduent's Maven® Disease Surveillance and Case Management System are helping public health officials monitor EEE and dozens of other communicable diseases more effectively. Maven enables secure reporting, investigation and exposure tracking, which are essential for managing fast-moving, complex diseases like EEE.
Used by more than two dozen international, state and local jurisdictions, Maven helps protect over 190 million people and supports surveillance of more than 100 different conditions. Its capabilities are a strong example of how technology can enhance both preparedness and response.
Protecting communities from EEE virus
The threat of eastern equine encephalitis is real, but it can be managed. By maintaining a strong focus on surveillance, investing in public education, and promoting evidence-based mosquito control strategies, public health agencies can reduce the risk of EEE virus spread and minimize its long-term impacts on communities.
At Conduent, we help public health agencies around the world monitor and respond to infectious disease threats with advanced tools and expertise. Learn more about our disease surveillance solutions at conduent.com.